Investing is taxed on two separate tracks, and most confusion comes from mixing them up. Money that lands in your hands, a dividend or a staking reward, is income, taxed in the year you receive it. A gain you make when you sell or swap an asset is a capital gain, taxed under the capital gains rules, often with a discount if you held long enough. Shares and crypto run on the same engine, with a handful of crypto twists that catch people out. This guide walks the whole picture, so you can tell income from capital, know what counts as a taxable event, and keep the records the ATO already has its own copy of.
Income or capital gain
The first question for any receipt is whether it is income or a capital gain, because they are taxed differently. Dividends, interest, staking rewards and airdrops of an established token are income, counted at their value when you receive them and taxed at your marginal rate that year. A profit you make selling or swapping an asset is a capital gain, worked out separately, reduced by any capital losses, and eligible for the discount if you held the asset long enough.
The same coin or parcel of shares can give you both over its life: income while you hold it, a capital gain or loss when you dispose of it.
What triggers a capital gains event
A capital gains event is not only a sale for cash:
That crypto-to-crypto point surprises people the most: trading one token for another is a disposal of the first, even though no dollars ever hit your account. Get clear on what a disposal is and half the guesswork disappears.
Investor or trader
One threshold question sits underneath everything: are you an investor or a trader. Most people are investors, whose gains are capital and whose losses only offset other gains. A smaller group are share traders carrying on a business, whose gains are ordinary income and whose costs and losses are treated very differently. The line is a matter of your actual facts, not how often you check an app, so this guide describes how the ATO weighs it rather than deciding it for you.
What the chapters cover
Each part has its own chapter. The capital gains engine, the cost base and the discount are in the capital gains and losses chapter. Dividends, franking credits and crypto income sit in the income chapter. The crypto-specific rules, including the personal-use question, staking, DeFi and lost coins, are in the crypto tax chapter. And the investor-or-trader line, the wash-sale rule and the records the ATO matches are in the investor or trader chapter.
A note on timing
Tax rules for investments change, and the capital gains rules in particular are under review. Everything here reflects the position for the current tax year, and the structural parts, such as the discount for holding at least 12 months, have been stable for a long time. Because the detail can shift and every situation has its own facts, treat this as general information and check the current ATO page or a registered tax agent before you act on a specific transaction.
See how a sale, the 12-month discount and your capital losses come together on a gain.
General information only, not tax or financial advice. Check the ATO or a registered tax agent for your situation.